ÈÈÆÀÎÄÕÂ
2025ÄêÕý°æ×ÊÁÏÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØÈë¿ÚÃâ·Ñ°æ×îÖÕÖ¸ÄÏ£º¾«×¼Ê¶±ð¡¢Çå¾²»ñÈ¡Óë¸ßЧʹÓÃÈ«¹¥ÂÔ
2025ÄêÕý°æ×ÊÁÏÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØÈë¿ÚÃâ·Ñ°æ×îÖÕÖ¸ÄÏ£º¾«×¼Ê¶±ð¡¢Çå¾²»ñÈ¡Óë¸ßЧʹÓÃÈ«¹¥ÂÔ
ÔÚÐÅÏ¢±¬Õ¨µÄÊý×Öʱ´ú£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÎÞÂÛÊÇѧÊõÑо¿¡¢Ö°ÒµÉú³¤£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÕÕ¾ÉСÎÒ˽¼ÒÐËȤ̽Ë÷£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬»ñÈ¡¸ßÖÊÁ¿µÄÕý°æ×ÊÁÏÒѳÉΪһÏî½¹µãÊÖÒÕ¡£¡£È»¶ø£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÍøÂçÌìÏÂÓãÁú»ìÔÓ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ãâ·Ñ×ÊÔ´ÓëÇÖȨÏÝÚåÍùÍùÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÏßÖ®¸ô¡£¡£½øÈë2025Ä꣬£¬£¬£¬£¬Êý×Ö°æÈ¨±£»£»£»£»¤ÊÖÒÕÈÕÒæÍêÉÆ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Óû§¶ÔÄÚÈÝÖÊÁ¿ÓëÕýµ±ÐÔµÄÒªÇóҲˮÕÇ´¬¸ß¡£¡£±¾Ö¸ÄÏÖ¼ÔÚΪÄúÌṩһÌ×´Ó¾«×¼Ê¶±ð¡¢Çå¾²»ñÈ¡µ½¸ßЧʹÓõÄÍêÕûÒªÁìÂÛ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÖúÄúÔÚÖÚ¶àµÄ»¥ÁªÍøÖУ¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¼Èº´ÎÀ֪ʶ²úȨ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÓÖÄܹ»³ä·ÖʹÓÃÄÇÐ©ÕæÕýÃâ·Ñ¡¢Õýµ±µÄÃû¹ó֪ʶ²Æ²ú¡£¡£
µÚÒ»Õ£ºÕý°æÃâ·Ñ×ÊÁϵľ«×¼Ê¶±ð¡ª¡ªÁ·¾Í»ðÑÛ½ð¾¦
ʶ±ðÕæÕýµÄÕý°æÃâ·Ñ×ÊÁÏÊǵÚÒ»²½£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ò²ÊÇ×îÒªº¦µÄÒ»²½¡£¡£ÕâÀïµÄ¡°Õý°æÃâ·Ñ¡±²¢·ÇÖ¸ËùÓаæÈ¨ÄÚÈݶ¼¿ÉËæÒâ»ñÈ¡£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¶øÊÇÌØÖ¸°æÈ¨·½£¨´´×÷Õß¡¢³öÊéÉç¡¢»ú¹¹µÈ£©Í¨¹ýÕýµ±ÇþµÀ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬×Ô¶¯Ïò¹«ÖÚÌṩµÄÃâ·Ñ°æ±¾¡£¡£Æä½¹µãÌØÕ÷ÔÚÓÚ¡°ÊÚȨÃ÷È·¡±¡£¡£
1.1 ¹Ù·½ÓëȨÍþ»ú¹¹ÇþµÀÊǽð±ê×¼
×î¿É¿¿µÄȪԴÓÀÔ¶ÊÇ×ÊÁϽ¨ÉèÕß»òËùÓÐÕߵĹٷ½ÍøÕ¾¡£¡£ÀýÈ磬£¬£¬£¬£¬¶¥¼â´óѧ£¨ÈçMIT¡¢Ë¹Ì¹¸££©µÄ¹ûÕæ¿ÎÍøÕ¾¡¢¹ú¼Ê×éÖ¯£¨ÈçÌìÏÂÒøÐС¢ÁªºÏ¹ú£©µÄ³öÊéÎïÊý¾Ý¿â¡¢Õþ¸®²¿·ÖµÄ°×ƤÊéÓëÊý¾Ý¿ª·Åƽ̨¡¢×ÅÃû¿Æ¼¼¹«Ë¾µÄ¿ª·¢ÕßÎĵµÖÐÐĵȡ£¡£ÕâЩվµãÌṩµÄ×ÊÁÏ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Æä°æÈ¨ÉùÃ÷ÇåÎú£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Í¨³£½ÓÄÉ֪ʶ¹²Ïí£¨Creative Commons£©ÐÒé»òÃ÷È·±ê×¢¡°¿ÉÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØ¡¢ÓÃÓÚ·ÇÉÌÒµÓÃ;¡±¡£¡£
1.2 ʶ±ðÕýµ±µÄ¿ª·Å»ñÈ¡£¡£¨Open Access£©×ÊÔ´
ѧÊõÁìÓòÊÇÃâ·ÑÕý°æ×ÊÁϵĸ»¿ó¡£¡£Ðí¶àѧÊõÆÚ¿¯¡¢ÂÛÎÄÔ¤Ó¡±¾Æ½Ì¨×ñÕÕ¿ª·Å»ñȡģʽ¡£¡£ÖصãÈÏ׼ȨÍþƽ̨£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÈçPubMed Central£¨ÉúÎïҽѧ£©¡¢arXiv£¨ÎïÀí¡¢Êýѧ¡¢ÅÌËã»ú¿ÆÑ§£©¡¢DOAJ£¨¿ª·Å»ñÈ¡ÆÚ¿¯Ä¿Â¼£©µÈ¡£¡£ÕâЩƽ̨ÉϵÄÎÄÕ¾ù¾ÓɰæÈ¨ÉóºË£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬×÷Õß»ò×ÊÖú·½ÒÑÖ§¸¶ÎÄÕ´¦Öóͷ£·Ñ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÔÊÐí¶ÁÕßÃâ·ÑÔĶÁ¡¢ÏÂÔØ¡£¡£
1.3 СÐÄ¡°Ãâ·Ñ¡±ÏÝÚ壺³£¼ûÇÖȨαװ
ÇÖÈ¨ÍøÕ¾³£Î±×°³É×ÊÁÏ·ÖÏíÕ¾£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÆäÌØÕ÷°üÀ¨£ºÒ³Ãæ³äÂú´ó×Úµ¯´°¹ã¸æºÍÓÕµ¼ÏÂÔØ°´Å¥£»£»£»£»Éù³ÆÓµÓС°È«Íø×îÐÂ×îÈ«µÄ¸¶·Ñ×ÊÔ´ºÏ¼¯¡±£»£»£»£»ÒªÇóÓû§Í¨¹ý¿ÉÒɵÄÍøÅÌÁ´½ÓÏÂÔØ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÇÒÎļþ³£±»ÖØÐ´ò°ü¡¢Ö²ÈëÎÞ¹ØÐÅÏ¢ÉõÖÁ¶ñÒâÈí¼þ¡£¡£Ò»¸ö¼òÆÓµÄÅжÏÔÔòÊÇ£ºÈôÊÇij¸öÍøÕ¾ÄÜÈÝÒ×ÏÂÔØµ½±¾Ó¦ÔÚרҵƽ̨¸¶·ÑµÄ×îÐÂÍÑÏúÊé¡¢¸ÕÉÏÓ³µÄÓ°ÊÓ¾ç»òÌÚ¹óרҵÈí¼þ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÆäÕýµ±ÐÔÏÕЩΪÁã¡£¡£
µÚ¶þÕ£ºÇå¾²»ñÈ¡µÄ·¾¶Ó빤¾ß¡ª¡ªÐÞ½¨ÏÂÔØ·ÀµØ
ÔÚʶ±ð³ö¿ÉÐÅȪԴºó£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÔõÑùÇå¾²µØ»ñÈ¡ÕâЩ×ÊÁÏ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Í¬Ñù¹ØºõСÎÒ˽¼ÒÐÅÏ¢Óë×°±¸Çå¾²¡£¡£
2.1 ʹÓÃרҵµÄ×ÊÔ´¾ÛºÏÓë¼ìË÷ƽ̨
²»ÒªÃ¤Ä¿Ê¹ÓÃͨÓÃËÑË÷ÒýÇæ¡£¡£Õë¶ÔÌØ¶¨ÀàÐ͵Ä×ÊÁÏ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ê¹ÓñÊÖ±ËÑË÷ÒýÇæ»ò¾ÛºÏƽ̨ЧÂʸü¸ß¡¢¸üÇå¾²¡£¡£ÀýÈ磺
- ѧÊõËÑË÷£ºGoogle Scholar¡¢Î¢ÈíѧÊõ¡¢ÖйúÖªÍøµÄ¡°¹«ÒæÖªÊ¶¿â¡±¡£¡£
- µç×ÓÊ飺Project Gutenberg£¨¹«°æÊ飩¡¢Open Library¡¢Manybooks¡£¡£
- ¸ßÖÊÁ¿Í¼ÏñÓë¶àýÌ壺Wikimedia Commons¡¢Pixabay¡¢Unsplash£¨¾ùΪCC0»òÃâ·ÑÔÊÐí£©¡£¡£
ÕâЩƽ̨×Ô¼º²»ÍйÜÇÖȨÄÚÈÝ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¶øÊÇË÷Òý»òÁ´½ÓÖÁÕýµ±µÄ¹Ù·½ÈªÔ´¡£¡£
2.2 ÕÆÎÕ½¹µã¼ìË÷¼¼ÇÉ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ö±´ïÄ¿µÄ
ÔÚËÑË÷ÒýÇæ»òƽ̨ÄÚ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ê¹Óþ«×¼µÄÒªº¦´Ê×éºÏÄÜÓÐÓùýÂËÀ¬»øÕ¾µã¡£¡£ÊµÑéÔÚËÑË÷´ÊÖмÓÈëÒÔÏ¡°Çå¾²ºó׺¡±£º
- ¡°site:.gov¡± »ò ¡°site:.edu¡± £¨ÏÞÖÆÕþ¸®»ò½ÌÓý»ú¹¹ÍøÕ¾£©¡£¡£
- ¡°filetype:pdf¡± ¼ÓÉÏ ¡°¿ª·Å»ñÈ¡¡±¡¢¡°ÊÖÒÕ±¨¸æ¡±¡¢¡°°×ƤÊ顱¡£¡£
- ÔÚ×ÊÁÏÃû³Æºó¼ÓÉÏ ¡°official website¡±¡¢¡°author¡¯s page¡±¡£¡£
ÀýÈ磬£¬£¬£¬£¬ËÑË÷¡°ÌìÆø×ª±ä±¨¸æ 2025 site:.un.org filetype:pdf¡±£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ð§¹û»òÐíÂÊÀ´×ÔÁªºÏ¹ú¹Ù·½£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Çå¾²ÇÒȨÍþ¡£¡£
2.3 ÏÂÔØÊ±µÄÇå¾²²Ù×÷ÊØÔò
×ÝȻȪԴ¿ÉÐÅ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÏÂÔØ»·½ÚÒ²ÐèÉóÉ÷¡£¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬×¢ÖØÎļþÃûÌᣡ£Õý¹æµÄÎı¾×ÊÁÏͨ³£ÊÇPDF¡¢EPUB£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÎĵµÀàΪDOCX¡¢PPTX¡£¡£¶Ô¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþ£¨.exe, .dmg£©»ò¾ç±¾Îļþ£¨.scr, .js£©Òª¼á³Ö¼«¸ßСÐÄ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Õý°æÃâ·Ñ×ÊÁÏÉÙÉÙÒÔ´ËÃûÌ÷ַ¢¡£¡£Æä´Î£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ê¹ÓÃä¯ÀÀÆ÷×Ô´øµÄÏÂÔØ¹¦Ð§»òÐÅÓþÓÅÒìµÄÏÂÔØÖÎÀíÆ÷£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬×èÖ¹µã»÷Ò³ÃæÉϵġ°¼ÓËÙÏÂÔØ¡±µÈÐéα°´Å¥¡£¡£×îºó£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÔÚ·¿ªÏÂÔØÎļþǰ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÓòÙ×÷ϵͳ×Ô´øµÄɱ¶¾Èí¼þ»òÇå¾²¹¤¾ß¾ÙÐпìËÙɨÃè¡£¡£
µÚÈýÕ£º¸ßЧʹÓÃÓëÖÎÀí¡ª¡ªÈÃ֪ʶ´´Á¢¼ÛÖµ
Çå¾²»ñÈ¡×ÊÁÏÖ»ÊÇ×îÏÈ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÔõÑù¸ßЧµØÎüÊÕ¡¢ÕûÀí²¢Ó¦ÓÃÕâЩ֪ʶ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬²ÅÊÇ×îÖÕÄ¿µÄ¡£¡£
3.1 ½¨ÉèСÎÒ˽¼Ò֪ʶÖÎÀíϵͳ£¨PKMS£©
ÃæÁÙº£Á¿ÏÂÔØµÄ×ÊÁÏ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬±ØÐ轨ÉèÓÐÐòµÄÖÎÀíϵͳ¡£¡£ÍƼöʹÓÃÍâµØ+ÔÆ¶ËµÄ»ìÏýģʽ¡£¡£ÍâµØÊ¹ÓÃÈçZotero¡¢MendeleyµÈÃâ·ÑÎÄÏ×ÖÎÀíÈí¼þ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ËüÃDz»µ«ÄÜ·ÖÀà´æ´¢PDF£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¸üÄÜ×Ô¶¯×¥È¡ÔªÊý¾Ý£¨×÷Õß¡¢ÎÊÌâ¡¢ÕªÒª£©£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬²¢Ö§³Ö¸ßÁÁ¡¢Åú×¢ºÍÌìÉú²Î¿¼ÎÄÏס£¡£ÔƶËÔò¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÌõ¼ÇÈí¼þ£¨ÈçObsidian¡¢NotionµÄÃâ·Ñ°æ£©À´½¨ÉèÖªÊ¶ÍøÂ磬£¬£¬£¬£¬½«²î±ð×ÊÁÏÖеĿ´·¨¾ÙÐÐÁ´½Ó¡¢ÕûºÏ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÐγÉ×Ô¼ºµÄ֪ʶͼÆ×¡£¡£
3.2 ×ñÕÕÔÊÐíÐÒ飬£¬£¬£¬£¬ºÏÀíºÏ¹æÊ¹ÓÃ
Îñ±Ø×ÐϸÔĶÁ×ÊÁϸ½´øµÄ°æÈ¨ÔÊÐí˵Ã÷¡£¡£×ÝÈ»ÊÇÃâ·Ñ×ÊÁÏ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ò²ÊÜÌØ¶¨ÔÊÐíÔ¼Êø¡£¡£×î³£¼ûµÄ֪ʶ¹²Ïí£¨CC£©ÐÒéÓжàÖÖÀàÐÍ£ºCC BY£¨½öÐèÊðÃû£©¡¢CC BY-NC£¨ÊðÃûÇÒ·ÇÉÌҵʹÓã©¡¢CC BY-ND£¨ÊðÃûÇÒեȡÑÝÒµÈ¡£¡£ÔÚÒýÓá¢×ªÔØ¡¢¸Ä±à»òÓÃÓÚÉÌÒµÏîÏÖÔÚ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬±ØÐèÈ·ÈÏ×Ô¼ºµÄÐÐΪÇк϶ÔÓ¦µÄÔÊÐíÌõ¿î¡£¡£ÕâÊǶԴ´×÷Õß×î»ù±¾µÄ×ðÖØ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ò²ÄÜÓÐÓÃ×èÖ¹Ö´·¨Î£º¦¡£¡£
3.3 Éî¶ÈÔĶÁÓëÅúÅÐÐÔÕûºÏ
Ãâ·ÑÕý°æ×ÊÁϵļÛÖµÔÚÓÚÆä׼ȷÐÔºÍȨÍþÐÔ¡£¡£ÔÚÔĶÁʱ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ó¦Ñø³ÉÅúÅÐÐÔÍ·ÄÔϰ¹ß£º¿¼²ì×ÊÁϵÄÐû²¼»ú¹¹Óë×÷ÕßÅä¾°£»£»£»£»¹Ø×¢Êý¾ÝµÄȪԴºÍʱЧÐÔ£¨2025ÄêµÄÖ¸ÄÏÓÈÆäÒª×¢ÖØ×ÊÁϵĸüÐÂÈÕÆÚ£©£»£»£»£»±ÈÕÕ²î±ðȨÍþȪԴ¶ÔͳһÎÊÌâµÄÐðÊö¡£¡£½«ÏÂÔØµÄ×ÊÁÏÊÓΪÑо¿µÄÆðµã£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¶ø·ÇÖյ㣬£¬£¬£¬£¬Í¨¹ýËüÃÇÌṩµÄ²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¿ÉÒÔ½øÒ»²½×·ËݺÍÍØÕ¹ÖªÊ¶½çÏß¡£¡£
µÚËÄÕ£º2025ÄêÐÂÐËÇ÷ÊÆÓëǰհÐÔ×ÊÔ´
Ëæ×ÅÊÖÒÕÉú³¤£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Õý°æÃâ·Ñ×ÊÁϵÄÐÎ̬ºÍ»ñÈ¡·½·¨Ò²ÔÚÒ»Ö±Ñݽø¡£¡£
4.1 È˹¤ÖÇÄܸ¨ÖúµÄ¿ª·Å×ÊÔ´
Ô½À´Ô½¶àµÄÑо¿»ú¹¹ºÍ¹«Ë¾×îÏÈ¿ª·ÅÆäÓÃÓÚѵÁ·AIÄ£×ÓµÄÊý¾Ý¼¯¡¢´úÂë¿âºÍÄ£×ÓÈ¨ÖØ¡£¡£ÀýÈ磬£¬£¬£¬£¬Hugging Faceƽ̨¾ÍÍйÜÁË´ó×Ú¿ªÔ´µÄ×ÔÈ»ÓïÑÔ´¦Öóͷ£Ä£×ÓºÍÊý¾Ý¼¯£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÍêÈ«Ãâ·Ñ¹©Ñо¿ºÍʹÓᣡ£ÕâÀà×ÊÔ´ÊÇÇ°ÑØÊÖÒÕѧϰÕߵı¦¿â¡£¡£
4.2 »¥¶¯Ê½Ñ§Ï°×ÊÁϳÉΪÖ÷Á÷
¾²Ì¬µÄPDFÕýÔÚÏò¶¯Ì¬µÄ¡¢¿É½»»¥µÄÌõ¼Ç±¾ÃûÌÃת±ä¡£¡£ÏñJupyter Notebook£¨.ipynbÎļþ£©ÕâÑùµÄÃûÌ㬣¬£¬£¬£¬½«´úÂë¡¢Êý¾Ý¿ÉÊÓ»¯¡¢¹«Ê½ºÍÐðÊöÎı¾Á¬ÏµÔÚÒ»Æð£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÔÚÊý¾Ý¿ÆÑ§¡¢»úеѧϰÁìÓòÓÈΪʢÐС£¡£Ðí¶à´óѧºÍÑо¿Õß¶¼¹ûÕæÆäNotebook£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¶ÁÕß²»µ«ÄÜÔĶÁ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬»¹ÄÜÔÚÏßÔËÐлòÏÂÔØºóÐ޸ĴúÂ룬£¬£¬£¬£¬¾ÙÐÐʵ¼ùѧϰ¡£¡£
4.3 ¹«¹²Êý×ÖͼÊé¹ÝÓëµµ°¸¹ÝµÄÉ
È«Çò¹æÄ£ÄÚµÄÊý×ÖÎÄ»¯ÒŲúÏîĿһÁ¬Íƽø¡£¡£ÀýÈ磬£¬£¬£¬£¬Öйú¹ú¼ÒÊý×ÖͼÊé¹Ý¡¢Å·ÖÞÎÄ»¯ÒŲúƽ̨EuropeanaµÈ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ã¿Äê¶¼ÔÚÊý×Ö»¯²¢Ãâ·ÑÊÍ·Å´ó×ÚÀúÊ·ÎÄÏס¢¹Å¼®¡¢ÒÕÊõÆ·¸ßÇåͼÏñ¡£¡£ÕâЩ×ÊÔ´¹ØÓÚÈËÎÄÉç¿ÆÑо¿Õß¼°Ï²»¶Õß¶øÑÔ£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¼ÛÖµ²»¿É¹ÀÁ¿¡£¡£
×ܶøÑÔÖ®£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÔÚ2025Ä꣬£¬£¬£¬£¬»ñÈ¡Ãâ·ÑÕý°æ×ÊÁÏÒÑ´ÓÒ»ÖÖ¡°ÔËÆø¡±×ª±äΪһÏî¿ÉϰµÃ¡¢¿ÉÓÅ»¯µÄ¡°Êý×ÖËØÑø¡±¡£¡£ËüÒªÇóÓû§¾ß±¸°æÈ¨Òâʶ¡¢ÐÅÏ¢Çå¾²ÊÖÒÕºÍÐÅÏ¢ÖÎÀíÄÜÁ¦¡£¡£Í¨¹ý¼á³Ö´Ó¹Ù·½ºÍȨÍþÇþµÀ»ñÈ¡£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬Ê¹ÓÃרҵ¹¤¾ß¾ÙÐÐÇå¾²ÏÂÔØºÍ¸ßЧÖÎÀí£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬ÎÒÃDz»µ«Äܹ¹½¨Ò»¸ö´¿¾»¡¢¸ßÖÊÁ¿µÄСÎÒ˽¼Ò֪ʶ¿â£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¸üÄÜÒÔÉí×÷Ôò£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬¼ÓÈëµ½Ö§³ÖÁ¢Òì¡¢×ðÖØÖªÊ¶²úȨµÄÁ¼ÐÔÊý×ÖÉú̬½¨ÉèÖ®ÖС£¡£ÕⳡÐÅÏ¢µÄÌÔ½ðÖ®Â㬣¬£¬£¬£¬¹æÔòÓ빤¾ßÒѱ¸Æë£¬£¬£¬£¬£¬³ö·¢µÄÔ¿³×¾ÍÔÚÄúÊÖÖС£¡£
±¾ÎÄÎÊÌ⣺¡¶2025ÄêÕý°æ×ÊÁÏÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØÈë¿ÚÃâ·Ñ°æ×îÖÕÖ¸ÄÏ£º¾«×¼Ê¶±ð¡¢Çå¾²»ñÈ¡Óë¸ßЧʹÓÃÈ«¹¥ÂÔ¡·









½ÒÏþ̸ÂÛ